SCADA

SCADA  Supervisory  Control  And  Data  Acquisition.

What is SCADA?

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a category of software application program for process control, the gathering of data in real time from remote locations in order to control equipment and conditions. SCADA is used in power plants as well as in oil and gas refining, telecommunications, transportation, and water and waste control.

SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The hardware gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA software installed. The computer then processes this data and presents it in a timely manner. SCADA also records and logs all events into a file stored on a hard disk or sends them to a printer. SCADA warns when conditions become hazardous by sounding alarms.                                                                                                           

SCADA systems were initially employed in the 1960s. They include both software and hardware components. The hardware collects and enters data into a computer with SCADA software. 

SCADA systems consist of:

• Field data interface equipment, generally programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote terminal units (RTUs). These connect to field sensing devices, local control switchboxes and valve actuators. Field-data-interface equipment forms the core part of SCADA systems.

• A communications system. This is employed to move data between different pieces of field data interface equipment and control units, and the computer systems employed in the SCADA central host. The system may be telephone, radio, satellite, cable, and so on, or a combination of any of these. The communications network is designed to offer the way by which the data can be transmitted in between the field-based RTUs and the central host computer servers.

• A central host computer server(s). This is often known as a master station, a SCADA center, or a master terminal unit (MTU). The central host computer is usually a single computer or a computer server network.

• A set of standard and/or customized software systems. They are helpful in delivering the operator terminal application and SCADA central host. This supports the communications system, and monitors and controls the remotely located field-data-interface equipment.

As such it is a software package that is purely positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), or other commercial hardware modules. 

SCADA systems are used not only in most industrial part processes: for example, steel making, power generation (conventional and nuclear) and distribution, chemistry, 

but also in some experimental facilities such as nuclear fusion. 

Main functions of the system SCADA

· Remote Monitoring Facilities 

· Remote Control Facilities 

· Information Processing 

· Presentation of Dynamic Graphics 

· Report Generation 

· Presentation of Alarms 

· Storage of Historical Information 

· Introducing Trend Charts 

· Schedule of Events

In conclusion a SCADA system is able to record data, generate alarms and manage a distributed control system through a network of hardware (usually PLCs and PACs).

CAN Communication Protocol

CAN Comunicatio Prococol

CAN or CAN Bus, is short for Controller Area Network is a bus serial communications for control applications in real time, with a communication speed of up to 1 Mbit per second, and has excellent detection and fault isolation . That is, this is the best and most current technology in new vehicles. 

This system uses two cables in which two signals traveling exactly the same amplitude and frequency but completely reverse voltage modules in these two pulses identifies the message, but also has options to keep active network but fails one of the communication cables.

Esquema simplificado de un Bus CAN

CAN is a durable and economical network that allows multiple devices to communicate with each other. One benefit is that it allows the electronic control units (ECUs) have a single CAN interface (as pictured), instead of different analog and digital for each device in the system inputs. This reduces the cost and weight in cars.

The main advantage of this protocol is that it allows sharing of a large amount of information between the control units in the system, which causes a significant reduction in both the number of sensors used and the number of cables that make up the electrical system, important topic considering the dimensions that are handled within a car. Thus, significantly increase the functions present in automotive systems where CAN-BUS is used without increasing costs. 

Security systems incorporating the Can-Bus allows the probability of failure in the communication process are very low, but it remains possible that cables, contacts and control units themselves present some dysfunction.

Programa que sume 10 números y te de el promedio de ellos.

Decimal and Binary Numbers

Decimal system

The decimal system has ten digits or symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) that confers depending on their position in the figure value. 
The value of each digit is associated to a power base 10, which number corresponds with the number of symbols or digits of the decimal system, and an exponent equal to the position of the least one digit, counting from the right. 


Binary numbering system. 

The binary number system uses only two digits, zero (0) and one (1). 
In a binary number, each digit has a different value depending on the position occupied. The value of each position is that of a power base 2 raised to an exponent equal to the digit minus one. It can be seen that, as was the case with the decimal system, the base of the power equal to the number of digits used (2) to represent numbers. 
According to these rules, the binary number 1011 has a value that is calculated as: 

1*2³ + 0*2² + 1*2¹ + 1*2⁰ ,

8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11

and express both figures describe the same amount write it like: 

10

11₁₀

Conversion between decimal and binary numbers 

Convert a decimal number to binary is very simple: just perform successive divisions by 2 and write the remains from each division in the reverse order they were obtained. 

For example, to convert the binary number  77₁₀ will make a series of divisions that yield the following radicals: 

77: 2 = 38 Rest: 1 

38: 2 = 19 Rest: 0 

19: Rest 2 = 9: 1 

9: Rest 2 = 4: 1 

4: 2 = 2 Rest: 0 

2: 2 = 1 Other: 0 

1: 2 = 0 Other: 1 

and taking the residue in reverse order obtain the binary number:     77₁₀ = 1001101₂

Converting binary to decimal 

The process to convert a number from binary to decimal is even simpler; enough to develop the number, considering the value of each digit in its position, which is a power of 2, the exponent is 0 in the bit farthest to the right, and is incremented by one as we move forward positions counterclockwise. 

For example, to convert binary to decimal number 10100112, which developed considering the value of each bit:

1*2⁶ + 0*2⁵ + 1*2⁴ + 0*2³ + 0*2² + 1*2¹ + 1*2⁰ = 83

1010011₂ = 83₁₀

_{Code ascii} 

Intergers and Floating Numbers.

Integers 

An integer data type in computing is that it can represent a finite subset of the integers. The largest number that can represent depends on the size of the space used by the data types integer data available and its size depends on the programming language used as well as architecture. For example, if to store an integral number of 4-byte available memory fear that:

4x8 = 4 bytes = 32 bits

With 32 bits can represent 232 values ​​= 4294967296:

Only positive (unsigned): 0 to 4294967295

Positive and negative (integers): from -2147483648 to 2147483647

Floating 

The way in which computer architecture solves the problem of representing real numbers is through floating point numbers. A floating point number is divided into 3 sections of bits: sign, signifier and exponent. 

Example 8-bit floating point 

b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 

\ pm \ pm 2 ^ 1 2 ^ 0 2 ^ {- 1} 2 ^ {- 2} 2 ^ {-} 2 ^ {3 - 4} 

This example consists of a floating hypothetical 8-bit integer in which the bit 7 corresponds to the sign of the number, the sign bit of the exponent 6, bits 5 and 4 the exponent bits and the significant 3,2,1 and 0. 

With floating point numbers there is a limited range to represent quantities, using numbers out of range will result in overflow or underflow. 

There are a finite number of real numbers that can be represented within the range. 

The signifier is normalized. 

The most common way is to use floating point as dictated by the IEEE 754

Integers and Floats 

• unsigned (int) 32  0 <= X <= 4,294,967,295. big Numbers 

• int (signed) 32  -2,147,483,648 <= X <= 2,147,483,647 small numbers, control loops 

• unsigned long 32 0 <= X <= 4,294,967,295 astronomical distances 

• enum 32  -2,147,483,648 <= X <= 2,147,483,647 sets of sorted values 

• long (int) 32  -2,147,483,648 <= X <= 2,147,483,647 Big Numbers 

• float 32 1.18e-38 <= | X | <= 3.40e38 scientific accuracy (7-digit) 

Evolution of the Intel processor.

The processor, also known as micro or CPU, is the brain of the PC. Its main functions include the application execution and coordination of the various devices that are part of a computer.

1971
It was the world's first microprocessor, created in a single chip, and developed by Intel. It was a 4-bit CPU.
Intel® 4004 processor
Initial clock speed:108KHz
Transistors:2,300
Manufa
cturing technology:10 micron



1972

Intel® 8008 processor
Initial clock speed: 800KHz
Transistors: 3,500
Manufacturing technology: 10 micron




1974
8080 became the CPU of the first personal computer.
Intel® 8080 processor
Initial clock speed: 2MHz
Transistors: 4,500
Manufacturing technology: 6 micron



 1978
A sale made by Intel to the new personal computer division of IBM, made the IBM PC Business laid great hit with the new product in 8088.
Intel® 8086 processor
Initial clock speed: 5MHz
Transistors: 29,000
Manufacturing technology: 3 micron








 1982
It was the first Intel processor that could run all the software written for its predecessor.
Intel® 286™ processor
Initial clock speed: 6MHz
Transistors: 134,000
Manufacturing technology: 1.5 micron


1985
The 386 added a 32-bit architecture, with ability to multitask and a unit of translation of pageswhich made much easier to deploy operating systems.
Intel 386™ processor
Initial clock speed: 16MHz
Transistors: 275,000
Manufacturing technology: 1.5 micron








 1989
Generating 486 signified to have a personal computer of advanced features, including an instruction set optimized floating point unit, or FPU.
Intel 486™ processor
Initial clock spee
 Initial clock speed: 25MHz
Transistors: 1.2 million
Manufacturing technology: 1 micron




1993
The Pentium microprocessor had an architecture capable of executing two operations at once.
Intel® Pentium® processor
Initial clock speed: 66MHz
Transistors: 3.1 million
Manufacturing technology: 0.8 micron



1995
It was used in servers and software and workstation applications (networking) quickly boosted their integration into computers.
Intel® Pentium® Pro processor
Initial clock speed:200MHz
Transistors: 5.5 million
Manufacturing technology:  0.35 micron








1997
Intel® Pentium® processor
Initial clock speed: 300MHz
Transistors: 7.5 million
Manufacturing technology: 0.25 micron









 1998
Processors for specific market segments, the Celeron processor is the name given to the line of inexpensive Intel.
Intel® Celeron® processor
Initial clock speed: 266MHz
Transistors: 7.5 million
Manufacturing technology: 0.25 micron





 1999
Reinforce performance with advanced imaging, 3D, adding a better quality of audio, video and performance in speech recognition applications.



Intel® Pentium® III processor
Initial clock speed: 600MHz
Transistors: 9.5 million
Manufacturing technology: 0.25 micron







2000
Intel sacrificed performance for each cycle to change as many cycles per second and improved SSE instructions.
Intel® Pentium® 4 processor
Initial clock speed:1.5GHz
Transistors:42 million
Manufacturing technology: 0.18 micron








 2001
The Pentium III Xeon Intel comprehensive strengths in terms of workstation and server market segments processor.
Intel® Xeon®processor
Initial clock speed: 1.7GHz
Transistors: 42 million
Manufacturing technology: 0.18 micron






 2003
Intel® Pentium® M processor
Initial clock speed: 1.7GHz
Transistors: 55 million
Manufacturing technology: 90nm









2006
Intel launched this range of dual-core processors and CPUs 2x2 MCM quad-core x86-64 instruction set, based on the new Intel Core architecture.
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor
Initial clock speed: 2.66GHz
Transistors: 291 million
Manufacturing technology: 65nm






Intel Core i7 processor family is a quad-core Intel architecture x86-64. The Core i7 processors are the first that use Intel Nehalem microarchitecture and is the successor to the Intel Core 2 family.

2008
Intel® Atom™ processor
Initial clock speed: 1.86GHz
Transistors: 47 million
Manufacturing technology: 45nm






2010
2nd generation
Intel® Core™ processor
Initial clock speed: 3.8GHz
Transistors: 1.16 billion
Manufacturing technology: 32nm






 2012

3rd generation Intel® Core™ processor
Initial clock speed: 2.9GHz
Transistors: 1.4 billion
Manufacturing technology:22nm

Diagrama de flujo: Sistema de acceso vehicular para la UPQ.

Arduino, Raspberry e Intel Edison

Arduino

Arduino es una herramienta para la toma de computadoras que pueden detectar y controlar más del mundo físico que el equipo de escritorio. Es una plataforma de computación física de código abierto basado en una placa electrónica simple, y un entorno de desarrollo para escribir software para la placa.

Arduino se puede utilizar para desarrollar objetos interactivos, teniendo las entradas de una variedad de interruptores o sensores, y el control de una variedad de luces, motores y otras salidas físicas. Proyectos de. Las tablas se pueden montar a mano o comprados pre ensamblado. El lenguaje de programación es una implementación de cableado, una plataforma similar computación física, que se basa en el entorno de programación multimedia de procesamiento.

Ventajas

·      Asequible - placas Arduino son relativamente baratos en comparación con otras plataformas de microcontroladores

·      Multiplataforma - El software de Arduino funciona en sistemas operativos Windows, Macintosh OSX y Linux. 

·      Entorno de programación simple, clara - El entorno de programación de Arduino es suficiente para los usuarios avanzados que aprovechan así de fácil uso para los principiantes.

·      El código abierto y extensible en software- El software de Arduino se publica como herramientas de código abierto, disponible para la extensión por programadores experimentados. 

·      Los usuarios con poca experiencia pueden construir la versión tablero del módulo con el fin de entender cómo funciona y ahorrar dinero.

Intel Edison

Intel Edison  puede definirse como un PC completo del tamaño de una tarjeta SD estándar, unos 32×24×2,1 milímetros. Un PC en miniatura enfocado a un mercado muy concreto: según Intel, quieren que Edison sea el centro de toda la informática “para llevar puesta”.

La plataforma de desarrollo de Intel ® Edison es el primero de una serie de bajo costo, y plataformas de cómputo de propósito general de productos listos para facilitar la disminución de las barreras de entrada para los empresarios de todos los tamaños-desde los fabricantes de pro a la electrónica de consumo y las empresas que trabajan en el Internet de los objetos (IO). La plataforma de desarrollo de Intel Edison paquetes de un robusto conjunto de características en su pequeño tamaño, ofreciendo un gran rendimiento, durabilidad, y una amplia gama de E / S y soporte de software. Estas características versátiles ayudan a satisfacer las necesidades de una amplia gama de clientes.

Características principales

·         Utiliza una 22nm Intel SoC que incluye un procesador de doble núcleo, CPU de doble rosca Intel a 500 MHz y 32 bits Intel ®microcontrolador Quark  a 100 MHz. 

·         El módulo Intel Edison apoyará inicialmente desarrollo con Arduino * y C / C ++, seguido por Node.JS, Python, RTOS, y apoyo de programación Visual en un futuro próximo.

·         El módulo Intel Edison incluye un dispositivo a dispositivo y marco conectividad de dispositivo a la nube para permitir la comunicación entre dispositivos y un multi-inquilino basado en la nube, servicio de análisis de series de tiempo.

Raspberry Pi

La Raspberry Pi es un bajo costo, la tarjeta de crédito de tamaño de ordenador que se conecta a un monitor de ordenador o un televisor, y utiliza un teclado y un ratón estándar. Es un dispositivo pequeño capaz que permite a las personas de todas las edades a explorar la computación, y para aprender a programar en lenguajes como Python. Es capaz de hacer todo lo que esperas de un ordenador de sobremesa que hacer, desde navegar por Internet y reproducción de vídeo de alta definición, a hacer hojas de cálculo, procesador de textos, y jugar juegos.

Lo que es más, el Raspberry Pi tiene la capacidad de interactuar con el mundo exterior, y se ha utilizado en una amplia gama de proyectos maker digitales, de las máquinas de música y detectores en las estaciones meteorológicas y con cámaras infrarrojas. Rasp

Características

• 512 MB en RAM.
• Procesador ARM de 32 bits.
• 700Mhz de velocidad con la posibilidad de llevarlo a 1ghz.
• USB x 2
• Video HDMI
• Ethernet
• Funciona a 5V - 1.5A (recomendado)

                                   Arduino, Rasberry e Intel Edison

Imagen del pollo.

Telematics

The telematics is the integration of telecommunications and computing. The telematic is a science that studies techniques necessary to acquire, process and transmit data between electronic devices with the help the  computer.